Today I have a guest blog post for you from Daniel Fernández de Lis. Daniel has an interest in medieval English history, particularly the Plantagenets. You can find his own blog at
https://curiosidadesdelahistoriablog.com/, and he has started to translate a few posts from Spanish to English
here. You can find Daniel on Twitter
@FdezLisDaniel or via the account for his blog
@littlebitofhist.
Welcome to the Medieval World, Daniel!
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Berengaria of Navarre
1. Introduction
Berengaria (or Berenguela) of Navarre, Queen of England is a
peculiar case in history. Always in the shadow of her charismatic husband,
Richard de Lionheart, in most of historical books she receives no more than a
few lines, just to point out that she was the only English queen not to set
foot on English soil, and that she produced no heir to the throne (arising
speculations about the sexual inclinations of Richard).
A more complex study of Berengaria is not easy, due to the scarce
sources about the years before her marriage. She was the daughter of King
Sancho VI el Sabio (the Wise) of Navarre, and sister of King Sancho VII el
Fuerte (the Strong), one of the leading figures of a paramount victory of
the Christian kings of Spain against the Muslims in the Battle of Las Navas de
Tolosa (1212). All we know about her birthdate is that she was between twenty
one and twenty six years old when she married Richard in 1191.
In those years, Richard was the golden boy of European royalty. King
of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, Duke of Aquitaine and Count of
Poitou, he added to this impressive collection of titles a well-earned prestige
as a warrior and military leader. He was also good looking, tall and well built,
and a renowned minstrel in several European courts. And he was about to set sail to the
Holy Land to recover Jerusalem from the hands of Saladin. So, what caused this
shining star of the European bridal market to engage himself to the unknown
daughter of the king of a tiny kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula?
Richard had been engaged since he was a boy with Alice (or Aelis),
sister of King Philippe of France. However, this marriage never took place.
After the agreement, Alice was handed over to Richard's father, Henry II.
Rumors spread fast: despite not being more than a child, Henry had seduced
Alice; some gossips suggested that she even gave birth to a child. No matter if
this was true or false, Richard did not intend to marry the young French
princess under these circumstances. Nevertheless, the breach of the agreement
was a difficult question, because Alice dowry included strategic lands like the
Vexin.
Henry II committed himself in his last years in arbitrations between
the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. And both the father and the brother of
Berengaria had interests at the other side of the Pyrenees; so it is possible
that they met Richard while he was ruling Poitou. Although several sources remark
that Richard knew and fell in love with Berengaria on a trip to Pamplona (as a
minstrel or a as a pilgrim heading to Santiago de Compostela), there is no
evidence that this trip took place. The only source, the Estoire de la Guerre
Sainte, written by a companion of Richard in the crusade by the name of
Ambroise, said that the King loved her a lot and had desired her since he was
Count of Poitou. That sentence suggests that he knew her before being crowned
King of England in 1189, because it didn't mention this title, but instead the
one of Count of Poitou. It is true that Ambroise is not a very reliable source,
because his opus is an exaggerated tale of Richard´s feats, but in this point
Ambroise has no need to idealize or lie to encourage the King; nothing will
come out of his reputation regarding whether he did or did not meet Berengaria
before the wedding.
There is no evidence either that Richard knew Sancho VII; the
similar characteristics and military prestige of both the English and the
Spanish monarch make it possible that they both knew each other. Some sources
point out that the engagement between Richard and Berengaria was agreed in
1185. According to these sources, in 1185 Richard met Alfonso II of Aragón in
Gascony, and Alfonso sought Richard's help in some conflict with Sancho VII, which
that could mean that the Lionheart had some kind of influence in the King of
Navarra. And precisely this same year, Sancho granted several lands to his
sister Berengaria. That was, according to these sources, an indication of
Berengaria's new status as bride of Richard.
2. Queen of England
What we know for sure is that in 1190, while Richard was making the
preparations to sail to the Holy Land, his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine,
travelled to Navarre to take care of Berengaria and accompany her to his son
and to their wedding. Those who considered Eleanor as the main promoter of the
marriage mark that with this movement she was after a number of goals: to grant
an heir to the throne before Richard engaged himself in a
dangerous adventure that could cost him his life; her wish to move Richard away
from his peculiar friendship with Phillippe of France and find a wife outside
the environment of the French King; as maybe Richard himself had told her about
his attraction towards Berengaria.
For others, like John Guillingham, the engagement was Richard's idea.
According to Guillingham, 1190 was a year of great military and diplomatic
activity in Gascony and there was a meeting between Richard and Sancho at La
Reole that well could be the conclusion of the arrangements that begun in 1185.
For Sancho VII the engagement was a great diplomatic achievement: it
consolidated his position at the other side of the Pyrenees and allowed him to
focus on his problems in the Peninsula with his neighbors of Castile and
Aragon.
As we said, Eleanor traveled to Pamplona in September 1190, picked
up Berengaria, and together they departed in a toilsome trip across the
Pyrenees and the Alpes, through Lombardy, Pisa, Rome and Naples and finally
arriving at Sicily. Philippe of France departed before they arrived; obviously
he had not wished to meet either Eleanor (first wife of his father Louis VII) or
Berengaria (Richard broke the engagement with his sister Alice because of the
Spanish princess). The chronicles described Berengaria as wise, noble, brave,
instructed and beautiful.
The couple set sail from Sicily to the Holy Land, where the marriage
should take place. They didn't embark in the same ship, and Eleanor was
replaced by his daughter Joan as Berengaria's companion. But the vessel where
the two women traveled was hit by a storm and they had to seek refuge in
Cyprus. Richard arrived at the island when the governor of the island tried to
request a ransom for the women, set them free and decided to marry Berengaria
there and then. The marriage took place in Limassol, on 12 May 1191.
Regarding the question of Berengaria not being pregnant before
Richard was captured in his return from the crusade, there are obviously no
records about the consummation of the marriage, but when the couple set sail to
the Holy Land they departed in different vessels. When they arrived at
Outremer, Berengaria took no part in the military campaign of her husband and
traveled from one Christian fortress to another. Fifteen days after the crusaders
conquered Acre, on 6 July 1191, Berengaria reunited there with Richard. But his
conditions were far than suitable to the marital obligations: he was sick and
feeble, confronted with Philippe of France and other Christian leaders and
taking tough decisions, like the slaughter of two thousand Muslim captives.
A month later Berengaria arrived at Acre, Richard left the place and
headed to Jerusalem, leaving her behind. There is no record mentioning if they
slept together or not, but Berengaria was not pregnant. In September, Richard
conquered Jafa and the next month Berengaria joined him there, where they
stayed for six months, although Richard spent most of this time in campaign
against Saladin. Again there is no mention about the couple’s marital relations,
and again Berengaria was not pregnant.
The whereabouts of Richard after the signing of a truce with Saladin
in 1192 are well known: he was captured by Leopold of Austria and held captive
by the Emperor Henry VI, and was released in February 1194.
And as for Berengaria, she traveled from the Holy Land with Joan,
reached Cyprus and Naples and arrived in Rome in December 1192. She stayed
there for six months, joining forces with her mother in law in trying to make
the Pope persuade the Emperor to set Richard free. In June 1193, Berengaria and
Joan, escorted by Alfonso of Aragon and Raymond of Toulouse, moved to Poitou.
Despite being Queen of England and despite the situation of the King,
Berengaria did not travel to England, but stayed in Poitou during Richard's
captivity.
It is true that the situation was not easy, neither in England nor
in Poitou. In England, John Lackland was plotting to grasp his brother’s crown
and Eleanor, while trying to stop his younger son, was heavily taxing the
English people to pay the ransom and set Richard free. In Poitou, Berengaria
faced the Aquitaine nobility, traditionally independent and reluctant to obey
the orders of their dukes. They were not easily submitted by Henry II, but on
the other hand they were willing to take advantage of this new situation.
When Richard was released, he quickly returned to England to
reassert his power; he arranged a new ceremony of coronation in Winchester.
Eleanor was with him in the coronation, but Berengaria was not. It is difficult
to elucidate if this was a sign of previous problems between the couple or
simply was a matter of lack of time (Richard needed the ceremony to be hastily
performed and Berengaria was in France). It is even possible that Richard
thought that there was not need of a dangerous crossing of the Channel,
especially since he himself has intention to travel to France as soon as
possible. The question is that Berengaria did not accompany Richard in his new
coronation.
Richard only stayed in England for three weeks after his coronation.
Then he headed to France, never to return to England. He spent the remaining
five years fighting Philippe in France; his campaigns are widely documented,
but unfortunately these chronicles said nothing about Berengaria and her
whereabouts (as usual, medieval queens were invisible, except to write down her
marriages and the birth of royal children).
When we say that Richard spent his final five years fighting
Philippe, we don’t mean that he was in the battlefield each and every day. Wars
in the Middle Ages were a limited affair – both in time and in space. There
were a few clashes between the enemy armies during spring and summer, followed
by long truces to allow the soldiers to go home and harvest the crops and then
take shelter during the winter. That means that if Richard and Berengaria
didn’t produce an heir during this last five years, it was not because he was
always in a tent in the battlefield or setting siege or being besieged by the French
army.
Just as an example, Richard spent Christmas in 1194 in Rouen, and
Berengaria was not with him. This year his father died and she was mourning him
in Anjou, most likely in Beaufort Castle, where she presumably set her
residence because she was also there when Richard died.
There is a famous fact, quoted by Roger of Howeden in 1195. It is
always related with Richard’s sexual conditions, but it has his significance
also in connection with Berengaria. A hermit addressed Richard, calling him a
sinner and reminding him of the destruction of Sodoma. The King then accepted
he penitence, received his wife (he has not been with her for a long time), and
he joined her so they were one flesh. We don’t know for sure if this is true,
but what we do know is that, again, Berengaria was not pregnant.
There is no reference to the activities of Berengaria in the last
years of Richard. She must be present in the wedding of Joan, Richard’s sister,
at Poitiers in 1196. But in those years Richard was dedicated to the project of
building the formidable Chateau Gaillard, and there is no record of Berengaria
being there with him, not even when the construction of the fortress was
finished.
When Richard was fatally wounded in Chalus-Chabrol, he called by his
side his mother Eleanor and the knight William Marshal, not his wife. This
could be another sign of the lack of affection between the couple, although it
could be argued that by calling on Berengaria (she was never present in the
battlefield) this could cause speculation about the seriousness of the wound.
Walter de Guiseborough, who wrote in the fourteenth century, stated that the
physicians forbade the King, due to the deepness of his wound, to embrace and
even to see his wife. But other sources claimed that the wound did not prevent
Richard to engage with several women in his bed.
3. Humblest Former Queen of the English and Lady of Le Mans
After Richard's death, bishop Hugh of Lincoln, who was about to join
the King, decided to go to Beaufort Castle to see Berengaria. He found her
bereaved and with her heart broken. After Richard was buried, his widow headed
to Fontevraud and played an important role in the engagement between her sister
Blanca and Theobald of Champagne. The wedding took place in Chartres on 1 July 1199
and Berengaria acted as witness.
In the months that followed, both the new King of England, John I,
and Eleanor of Aquitaine showed no concern at all for Berengaria. She had to
take refuge in her sister's court in Champagne. Pope Innocent III, who always
acted in favor of the widow queen, described her situation as ‘a beggar, poor
and humiliated’.
Had Berengaria gave birth to an heir for Richard, her role as a
widow would have stayed linked to the center of power as a regent, or at least in
charge of his education. But as she did not have a boy, her only two choices
were a new marriage or a retreat in an abbey or a monastery (that didn't necessarily
involve taking vows as a nun).
The situation was not easy for Berengaria due to the tensions
between England and France. Philippe was trying to recover the possessions that
the Plantagenets had inherited or conquered in France. John I, even if he was
concerned about his sister-in-law’s welfare (which he wasn't), had his own
problems because he was losing all of the continental Plantagenet empire. That
meant that every castle or town where Berengaria decided to live was at risk of
being sieged or taken by the French. Berengaria traveled from one place to
another (Beaufort, Chinon, Fontevraud, Champagne) and finally in 1204
established her residence in Le Mans; she lived in this town for the rest of
her life.
Berengaria reached an agreement with Philippe of France, She gave up
the places that she inherited as Richard's widow (Falaise, Domfront y
Bonneville), recognizing him as overlord. In exchange she received the city of
Le Mans and one thousand sterling marks. For the rest of her life, Berengaria
didn't use the titles of Duchess of Normandy or Countess of Anjou. Instead, she
always signed her writs as ‘humblest former Queen of the English’. Nevertheless,
she was later known as Lady of Le Mans.
Financially, Berengaria was almost in dire straits. She never married
again and John didn't fulfil the dowry promised to her when she married
Richard. They signed a document in the year 1200 where John granted her one
thousand marks a year, but despite several reclamations and even the
intervention of the Pope on behalf of Berengaria, the King delayed this payment
for many years. Only in September 1215, after John sent a letter to Berengaria
warning her about the confidentiality of the negotiations between them, they signed
a new document where John agreed to pay her two thousand marks plus the amount
he already owed her.
Knowing John, it came as no surprise when, the following year, he
wrote to Berengaria saying that he couldn't pay his debts because he was
bankrupted due to the costs of the war in France. John even said that he was
sure Berengaria must understand his reasons. Years of fighting, humiliation and
the personal intervention of the Pope came to nothing when John died this same
year.
Finally, in 1218, and after the mediation on her behalf of the new
Pope Honorius III, Henry III of England fulfilled the promises that his father
John didn't and paid Berengaria four thousand five hundred marks (over five
years).
In Le Mans, where she spent the last twenty six years of her life,
Berengaria is remembered by her generous contributions to the churches and
abbeys of the city. As one author put it, she left a ‘persistent fragrance of
charity’. She was the benefactor of the Church of Saint Pierre; this church,
even before the arrival of the queen, had a lot of clashes with the cathedral
town hall regarding tax payments and fines for slow payers. Berengaria strongly
vouched for the church's rights before the Pope and even left the city for a
time when the cathedral town hall lifted an interdict against the Church of
Saint Pierre. She retired to lands she had acquired with Richard in the village
of Thorée.
When she returned to Le Mans, the citizens cheered her all the way
home. Berengaria was very popular because of her charities and donations to all
kinds of institutions dedicated to help the poor and sick (including the cathedral).
It must be said, however, that part of the money she donated was earned by
acquiring at low price property from Jews of the city who had been forced to
convert to Christianity and sell their properties below their value.
We do not know much of her personal life during these years. It is
possible that she planned to return to Navarre, because Henry III signed
passports for her and her messengers to travel to her homeland, but there is no
evidence that she traveled home. She kept in touch with her sister Blanca, who
was regent in Champagne on behalf of her son Theobald.
The situation around her was now quite different in just a few
years. Philippe of France was dead, as was his son Louis VIII. The new king,
Louis IX (later St Louis) was advised by his mother, Blanca of Castile, who was
Berengaria's niece. Her situation improved with her new overlords, who helped
her with her most beloved project: the foundation of a Cistercian abbey called Notre Dame de la Piété-Dieu.
Louis IX granted her the domain where the abbey was built, although
she had to contribute with a large amount of money of her own to solve a
dispute regarding the property of the sandlot and to buy adjacent lands. She chose
the Order of Cistercians because of their links with Navarre and with her
husband Richard. The construction was hastily concluded and the monks occupied
the abbey on May 1230. The abbey seal represents a lady who has in her left
hand a cross crowned with a dove under several fleurs de lis. She was surrounded by the words: ‘Countess of
the Normans and the Angevins’ and ‘Berengaria, by the grace of God Queen of the
English’.
Only a few months later, on December 1230, Berengaria of Navarre
died in Le Mans. She was buried in the abbey she founded. But during the
Hundred Years War the abbey was burnt to the ground. It was rebuilt years later,
and after the French Revolution went to private owners. The Germans seized it
during the Second World War, and in the 1960s it passed to public property
again before being rebuilt.
It is believed that her tomb has been plundered several times since
the fourteenth century, and the statue of Berengaria that presided over the
monument was transferred to the Cathedral of Le Mans in 1821. In 1960, the
remains of a woman were found under the floor of the abbey’s hall. There was a
huge discussion whether or not it was Berengaria. The University of Caen made
some examinations and afterwards most of the experts considered that the
remains were indeed those of Berengaria. Now the effigy and the tomb with the
remains are located in the new hall of the abbey where everybody can pay a
visit.
Source
Ann Trindade, Berengaria. In search of Richard the
Lionheart´s Queen.
